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Izinhlelo Zokuklama Ama-Inverter Elanga Ubunjiniyela: Inqubo Ephelele Yocwaningo Nokuthuthukiswa Kusukela Embonweni Kuye Emkhiqizweni

Kwadalwa ngo 04.15

Ukuklama i-solar inverter kuyiphrojekthi eyinkimbinkimbi yobunjiniyela besistimu edinga ukuthobela inqubo eqinile ye-R&D, ehlanganisa umjikelezo ogcwele wokuqala kuye kumkhiqizo. Le nqubo ihlanganisa hhayi kuphela ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obuningi kodwa futhi nezindlela zokuphatha zesayensi kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ikhwalithi. Okulandelayo ukuhlaziywa kwenqubo ephelele yokuklama i-solar inverter.

I.  Requirement Definition and Specification Formulation

Ukuhlaziywa kwemakethe namazinga kuyisiqalo somsebenzi wokuklama. Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukucacisa imakethe okuhloswe kuyo nesimo sokusetshenziswa—kungaba yizindawo zokuhlala, ezokuhweba nezimboni, noma izitshalo zamandla ezinkulu ezifakwe emhlabeni? Zixhunywe kunethiwekhi noma azixhunyiwe? Ngokuhambisana nalokho, kubalulekile ukufunda ngokujulile amazinga okuqinisekiswa okuyimpoqo emakethe okuhloswe kuyo, njenge-CGC e-China, i-VDE e-EU, i-UL e-US, njll. Lawa amazinga achaza umkhawulo wokuhambisana komkhiqizo futhi kufanele acaciswe ekuqaleni nje kwesigaba sokuklama.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwedokhumenti enembile yokucaciswa kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuguquleni izidingo zemakethe zibe izilinganiso zobuchwepheshe. Izinqumo eziyisisekelo kumele zicaciswe kahle, kuhlanganise namandla abekiwe, ibanga le-voltage ye-DC yokufaka, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukusebenza kahle kweYurophu, i-Total Harmonic Distortion (THDi), izinga lokuvikela lokungena (IP), ibanga lokushisa lokusebenza, izixhumi zokuxhumana, njll. Lezi zicaciso zizoba yisisekelo nezimfuneko zokwamukela zonke izisebenzi zokwakha ezizayo.

II.  Solution Design and Simulation

Esigabeni sokukhetha i-topology kanye nokwakhiwa komjikelezo, onjiniyela badinga ukucacisa i-topology yomjikelezo oyinhloko ngokusekelwe kumandla abekiwe kanye nezinhloso zokusebenza kahle. Ukukhetha okujwayelekile kuhlanganisa i-single-phase/three-phase full-bridge, i-T-type three-level, i-HERIC, nezinye i-topologies, ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo ezithile, ububi, nezimo zokusebenza.

Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezibalulekile kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza nomthetheleli womkhiqizo. Ngokusebenzisa ukulinganisa nokubala, amamodeli athile akhethwa ezintweni ezibalulekile njengezinto zokushintsha amandla (ama-IGBT/ama-MOSFET), ama-capacitor e-DC bus, ama-inductor okuhlunga, ama-transformer, njll. Ukukhetha okwenziwa kulesi sigaba kuthinta ngqo izindleko zomkhiqizo, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nesikhathi sokuphila.

Ukuklama uhlelo lokulawula kuyi-"buchopho" be-inverter. Kuhilela ukuklama izinhlelo ezisebenza kahle ze-Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezicacile zokuvumelanisa igridi nokulawula. Ukulinganisa kwenziwa kumapulatifomu afana ne-MATLAB/Simulink ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokomqondo ukusebenza nokusebenza kwesistimu.

III. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Hardware

Ukuklanywa kwe-Schematic ne-PCB kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile ekuguquleni isixazululo esisekelwe emqondweni sibe isekethe esisebenzayo. Onjiniyela badinga ukudweba ama-schematics esekethe enemininingwane futhi baqedele ukuhlelwa kwe-PCB nokuhambisa izintambo. Phakathi nale nqubo, ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kunikezwe ububanzi bezindlela ezinomfutho omkhulu, ukuklanywa kwe-thermal, ubuqotho besignali, kanye nokuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic (EMC) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle nokwethenjwa kokuklanywa kwe-hardware.

Ukwenziwa kwe-prototype yikho okokuqala okubonakalayo komklamo. Izingxenye ezikhethiwe ziyatholakala, futhi inguqulo yokuqala ye-prototype yobunjiniyela yakhiwa ngokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa okucophelelayo. Umgomo wale sigaba ukuhlola ukwenzeka komklamo nokuhlinzeka ngesisekelo esibonakalayo sokuhlolwa okulandelayo.

IV. Ukuthuthukiswa Nokuhlanganiswa Kwesofthiwe

Ukwenziwa kwe-firmware kunika ihadiwe "ubuhlakani" bayo. Kwiplatifomu ye-microcontroller ekhethiwe (isb., DSP, ARM), kubhalwa abashayeli abangaphansi, kusebenza ikhodi ye-algorithm yokulawula, futhi kwakhiwa uhlelo lokuvikela. Lesi softhiwe sinquma ngqo isivinini sokuphendula se-inverter, ukunemba kokulawula, nokwethembeka.

I-Human-Machine Interface (HMI) nentuthuko yokuxhumana kuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo nokuphathwa kwawo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuthuthukisa izikhombimsebenzisi zesikrini sokubonisa, izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula, namachweba wephrothokholi wokuxhumana nezinhlelo zokuqapha ezisekelayo, okuvumela ukuqapha okukude, ukuxilongwa kwamaphutha, nokuphathwa kokusebenza nokugcinwa.

V. Ukuhlolwa, Ukuqinisekiswa, Nokuphindaphinda

Lesi yisigaba esiyinhloko sokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ngokuvamile esenziwa ngendlela eyihlelelekile ngezigaba:

Ukuhlolwa Kwemisebenzi kuqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi eyisisekelo iyasebenza kahle, kufaka phakathi ukuqalisa, ukulandela i-MPPT, ukuxhumana kugridi, ukuxhumana, njll.
Ukuhlolwa Kokusebenza kulinganisa ngokunembayo izinkomba ezibalulekile zokusebenza njengokusebenza kahle, ama-harmonics, kanye nokuphendula okunamandla kusetshenziswa imishini yobuchwepheshe (i-PV simulators, i-grid simulators, i-power analyzers, njll.) endaweni yaselebhu.
Ukuhlolwa Kwemvelo Nokwethembeka kudlala izimo ezahlukahlukene eziyinselele zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa izivivinyo zokushisa okuphezulu/okuphansi, izivivinyo zokufutha okumanzi, izivivinyo zesifutho sikasawoti, kanye nezivivinyo zesikhathi eside zokuguga, izivivinyo zokukhuphuka kokushisa, nezivivinyo zokucindezeleka kwe-cycle, ukuqinisekisa ukuzivumelanisa kwemvelo komkhiqizo nokwethembeka kwesikhathi eside.
Ukuhlolwa Okungaphambi Kokuphepha Nokugunyazwa kwenziwa izivivinyo eziphelele zokuphepha kukagesi, i-EMC, nezici zokuxhuma kugridi ngokuya ngamazinga emakethe okuhlosiwe, kutholwa izinkinga futhi kukhuthazwa ukuguqulwa komklamo ngokushesha.
I-Prototype Iteration yinqubo yokuthuthukisa esekelwe empendulweni yokuhlolwa. Ngokuya ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa, onjiniyela bangase badinge ukuthuthukisa i-hardware (isibonelo, ukubuyekezwa kwe-PCB) ne-software. Ngokuvamile, izinyathelo eziningana zenguqulo (i-EVT - Engineering Verification Test, i-DVT - Design Verification Test) ziyadingeka ngaphambi kokuthi ukuklanywa kuqedwe.

VI. Ukulungiselela Ukuqinisekiswa Nokukhiqizwa Ngobuningi

Ukuhanjiswa Kwesampula Nokutholwa Kokuqinisekiswa yizinyathelo zomthetho ukuletha umkhiqizo emakethe. I-prototype yokugcina ithunyelwa elabhorethri egunyaziwe (isb., TÜV, UL) ukuze kuhlolwe ngokusemthethweni ukuze kutholwe imibiko yokuqinisekiswa kokuthobela, okuyisidingo sokwethulwa komkhiqizo nokudayiswa kwakho.
Ukuqina Komklamo Nokukhishwa Kwemibhalo kubonisa ukuqedwa komsebenzi we-R&D. Kubandakanya ukuqedela nokukhishwa kwakho konke okubhalwe ngobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa imidwebo yomklamo (Bill of Materials - BOM, amafayela e-PCB Gerber, imidwebo yomshini), amafayela enqubo, kanye nemanuwali yomsebenzisi, okunikeza ukwesekwa okuphelele kobuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni.
Ukwenziwa Kokuqala (Isivivinyo) kuqinisekisa inqubo yokukhiqiza kumugqa wokukhiqiza omncane, kuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uyakhiqizwa, uyahambisana, futhi uyathembeka, kwenziwa izilungiselelo zokugcina zokukhiqiza ngobuningi.

Isifinyezo

Ukuklanywa kwe-solar inverter kuyinqubo yakudala yobunjiniyela besistimu evaliweyo "yokuklama-ukulinganisa-ukwenza isampula-ukuhlola-ukuyiphinda." Isigaba ngasinye sixhumene kakhulu; ukwehluleka kunoma yisiphi isixhumanisi kungathinta ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina nokusebenza kwawo emakethe. Kulo lonke leli cala, ukuhlolwa okuqinile / ukuqinisekiswa kanye nokuphindwa okusheshayo okusekelwe kumpendulo kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina uhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezibekwe ngaphambili. Kuphela ngale nqubo enohlelo, yesayensi ye-R&D, imikhiqizo ye-inverter esezingeni eliphezulu ingathuthukiswa ezothola ibhalansi enhle phakathi kokusebenza kahle, ukwethembeka, ukuphepha, kanye nezindleko, ezizovumela ukuthi zigqame emakethe elincintisana kakhulu.

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